Assessment of Ground Water Quality in some villages of Lachhmangarh Tehsil -Western part, Sikar District, Rajasthan, India

Urmila Barwar¹, D.D. Gudesaria²*, R.P. Mathur¹

¹Werner Laboratory, Govt. Dungar P.G. College, Bikaner-334002 (Raj.)

²P.G. Department of Chemistry, S.K. Govt. College, Sikar- 332001 (Raj.)

*Corresponding Author E-mail: ddgudesaria@gmail.com

Abstract:

Groundwater quality is an important criterion for evaluating of water. It is affected by different natural as well as anthropogenic processes. The aim of study is physico-chemical analysis of groundwater quality in some villages of eastern part of Lachhmangarh tehsil, District Sikar in pre monsoon and post monsoon season. All ground water samples were collected from  Hand Pumps,  Open Wells and Tube Wells  and analyzed for physico chemical parameters namely Temperature,  pH, Electrical Conductivity, Total Alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium hardness, Magnesium hardness, Total Dissolved Solid, Dissolved oxygen, Fluoride, Nitrate, Carbonate, Bicarbonate, Chloride, Sulphate, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium and Potassium. The standard methods of APHA were used to analysis of samples. The quality of groundwater has been assessed by calculating correlation coefficient (r) for every pair of parameters. The fluoride concentration in four different zones ranged from 3.5 mg/L to 7.2 mg/L. Result showed that  fluoride concentration  in all samples were exceeding the permissible limits prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) and World Health Organization (WHO). Due to the higher fluoride level in drinking water several cases of dental and skeletal fluorosis have appeared at alarming rate in this region.

KEY WORDS: Groundwater, Physico-Chemical Parameters, Fluoride, Fluorosis, and Lachhmangarh Tehsil.

INTRODUCTION:

The search of life in the universe begins with the search of water. Water is very important in our daily lives. Groundwater quality in an area is dependent on various physical, chemical and biological factors.¹ Demands for domestic, irrigation as well as industrial sectors have increased many folds thereby creating water crisis worldwide (Ozha and Sharma).² Water moves from one reservoir to another by way of processes like evaporation, condensation, precipitation, deposition, runoff, infiltration, sublimation, transpiration, melting and groundwater flow. The oceans supply most of the evaporated water found in the atmosphere. Of this evaporated water, only 91 % is returned to the ocean basins by way of precipitation. The remaining 9% is transported to areas over landmasses where climatologically factors induce the formation of precipitation. The resulting imbalance between rates of evaporation and precipitation over land and ocean is corrected by runoff and groundwater flow to the oceans. The planetary water supply is dominated by the oceans. Approximately 97 % of all the water on the Earth is in the oceans. The other 3 % is held as freshwater in glaciers and icecaps, groundwater, lakes, soil, the atmosphere and within life.

Rajasthan state is considered as arid and semi-arid region. Due to scarcity of surface water, majority of the people in Rajasthan, have to depend on ground water resources. In many areas groundwater is the only available source for drinking water.³ In groundwater, the natural concentration of fluoride depends on the geological, chemical and physical characteristics of the aquifer, porosity and acidity of the soil and rocks, temperature and the depth of water source.⁴

Fluoride is an essential ion for all living being from the health point of view. It helps in the normal mineralization of bones and formation of dental enamel. Fluoride when consumed in inadequate quantities (less than 0.5 mg/L) causes health problem like dental carries, lack of formation of dental enamel and deficiency of mineralization of bones, especially among the children.⁵ On the contrary, if fluoride is consumed or used up in excess (more than 1.5 mg/L) it can cause different kinds of health problem.^6-7 Fractions of soil in a high fluoride area in Rajasthan have been found to contain about 10 (sand) to 130 (clay) mg/kg of fluoride (Madhavan et al.).⁸ A positive correlation between fluoride and bicarbonate coupled with high Na content can be interpreted in terms of chemical weathering to be major factor for enhanced fluoride concentration in groundwater. Major fluoride bearing minerals present in the igneous and metamorphic rocks are fluorapatite, fluorite, cryolite, muscovite, biotite, lepidolite, hornblende, tourmaline, asbestos etc. Sedimentary horizons also have apatite as an assessor mineral and fluorite also occurs as cement in some sandstones. Among the fluorine bearing minerals fluorapatite Ca₃(PO₄)₂ and fluorite (CaF₂) are most significant. In Rajasthan, sepiolite and palygorskite are the Mg- hydroxyl-silicates that form the probable sources and sinks for fluoride in the hydroxyl position. However, under high pH conditions sepiolite may turn into a source due to replacement of fluoride by hydroxyl ions. Apart from natural sources, a considerable amount of fluoride may be contributed through anthropogenic activities. Phosphatic fertilizers, which are extensively used in agriculture often, contain fluoride as an impurity that can leach down to the saturated zone. The arid climate with low rainfall and high evapotraspiration and insignificant natural recharge cumulatively lead to salinisation of groundwater and precipitation of calcite. Soils become more alkaline with very high pH which affects the solubility of calcite (Ramasesha et al.).⁹

Dental fluorosis is a condition that results from the intake of excess levels of fluoride during the period of tooth development, usually from birth to approximately six to eight years of age. It has been termed a hypoplasia or hypomineralization of dental enamel and dentine and is associated with the excessive incorporation of fluoride into these structures. Mild dental fluorosis is usually typified by the appearance of small white areas in the enamel; individuals with severe dental fluorosis have teeth that are stained and pitted (mottled) in appearance. In human fluorotic teeth, the most prominent feature is a hypomineralization of the enamel. The incorporation of excessive amounts of fluoride into enamel is believed to interfere with its normal maturation, as a result of alterations in the rheologic structure of the enamel matrix and/or effects on cellular metabolic processes associated with normal enamel development (Whitford).¹⁰ Dental fluorosis is caused in human being consuming water containing 1.5 mg/l or more of fluorides, particularly from birth to the age of eight. Mottled enamel usually takes the shape of modification to produce yellow brown stains or an unnatural opaque chalky white appearance with occasional striations patting. The incidence and severity of mottling was found to increase with increasing concentration of fluoride in drinking water. Fluoride above 4 mg/l in drinking water may cause a condition of dense and brittle bones known as osteoporosis. It affects ten of millions of people worldwide and is responsible for as many as 75% of all fractures in people over the age of forty five. Costly and disabling fractures of spine, hip, wrist and other bones can be preceded by years of undetected bone loss. It is found that as many as 20% of those who suffer from osteoporosis related hip fractures die within 6 months. Women are at four time’s greater risk of developing osteoporosis than males (Bezerra et al.).¹¹ Fluoride replaces hydroxides and deposited in bones causing chronic effect known as skeleton fluorosis. The dental and skeletal changes in endemic fluorosis provide important clinical diagnostic criteria. However, radiological changes are discernible in the skeleton at a much earlier stage and provide the only means of diagnosing the early and relatively asymptomatic stages of fluorosis (Connett).¹²

MATERIALS AND METHODS:

Study Area

The study area Laxmangarh Tehsil is located at 27°49’ to 27°82’ North Latitude and  75°1’ to 75°03’ East Longitude. Laxmangarh is situated at Jaipur- Bikaner route (NH-11), 27 km from Sikar. It has an average elevation of 424.24 meters.

Water Sampling

Total of sixteen ground water samples were collected from Hand Pumps, Open Wells and Tube Wells, of following different sampling sites of eastern part of Lachhmangarh Tehsil- North Zone (Manasi, Chhinchhas), South Zone (Khudi Chhoti, Jasrasar), East Zone (Dolas, Dudwa), West Zone (Sanwali, Banai), North East Zone (Singodra, Kaswali), South East Zone (Narodra, Paldi), South West Zone (Kantewa, Dalmas), North West Zone (Bagdi,  Kumas Jatan). The groundwater samples were collected in cleaned and washed glass bottles and brought to the laboratory for analysis. All the ground water samples were clear without any visible color, odor and turbidity.

Analysis

Physical parameters like Temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and Electrical Conductivity (EC) were determined at site with the help of digital Water Analyzer (Systronic-371). The selected water samples were labelled and brought in to laboratory, analysis was done by adopting standard methods given by APHA.¹³ Water used for preparation of solutions was double distilled and reagents used for the analysis were of AR grade.

Sodium Absorption Ratio (SAR)

The physicochemical parameters of ground water are further analyzed for different statistical parameters. Richard¹⁴ has classified water on the basis of sodium absorption ratio (SAR). SAR is an important parameter for determination of soil alkalinity or alkali hazards in the use of ground water for agricultural applications. The value of SAR can be calculated by the formula given bellow.

Where, all ionic concentrations are expressed in terms of epm (milli equivalent per liter) unit.

Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC)

Richard has also determined the hazardous effect of carbonate and bicarbonates on water quality (Srivastva et al.)¹⁵ and classified the water for irrigation purposes in terms of residual sodium carbonate (RSC). It can be determined by a formula as follow:-

                                  RSC = (CO₃^2- + HCO₃^-) – (Ca⁺² + Mg⁺²)

Percent of Sodium (Na%)

Sodium content is generally expressed in terms of percent sodium or soluble sodium percentage (% Na). Wilcox¹⁶ planned a method for rating the irrigation waters based on percent sodium. The percent of sodium is calculated by the formula as follow:-

Karl Pearson Correlation coefficients (r)

Karl Pearson Correlation coefficients (r) have been calculated between each pair of water quality parameter for the experimental data.¹⁷ Let x and y is the two variables, then the correlation ‘r’ between the two variables is given by:-

Figure:-1.  Map of study area

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS:

The results of all observed physico-chemical parameters  of groundwater samples in eastern part of Lachhmangarh Tehsil are depicted in the Table 1, 2 (pre monsoon) and Table 3,4 (post monsoon). The standard values of pH for drinking water by BIS is between 6.5-8.5 while, WHO is between 7.0-8.5.  All the samples have pH values below the prescribed values in both season and could be classified as suitable for drinking purpose.  Alkalinity of water is a measure of its capacity to neutralize acids. Total alkalinity is the combined activity of the values of carbonates and bicarbonates in water. The observed of total alkalinity ranged between 350-614 mg/L during pre monsoon and 340-594 mg/L during post monsoon season.  TDS value of 500 mg/L as the desirable limit and 2000 mg/L as the maximum permissible limits. The observed of total dissolved solids ranged between 594-1086 mg/L during pre monsoon and 557-1172 mg/L during post monsoon season. Almost all samples have TDS values less than the prescribed standard and is fit for drinking purpose.  The observed of fluoride ranged between 3.5-7.2 mg/L during pre monsoon and 2.9-6.3 mg/L during post monsoon season.  All the groundwater samples have more than 1.5 mg/L fluoride, and these are unsafe to drinking purpose     

In the present study the Karl Pearson Coefficient (r) among various water quality parameters have been calculated and the numerical values of correlation coefficients (r) are tabulated in Table-5 and Table-6. Correlation coefficient (r) between any two parameters, x and y is calculated for parameters such as water pH,  electrical conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, total dissolved solids, fluoride, nitrate, sulphate, bicarbonate, chloride, calcium, magnesium and sodium of the groundwater samples for pre monsoon and post monsoon season. The degree of line association between any two of the water quality parameters as measured by the simple correlation (r) is presented as 14 x 14 correlation matrix.

In pre monsoon season out of total correlations, twenty three have high correlation coefficient value (0.8< r>1.0) and twelve have moderate correlation coefficient value (0.6< r>0.8). In post monsoon season out of total correlations, twenty one have high correlation coefficient value (0.8< r>1.0) and seven have moderate correlation coefficient value (0.6< r>0.8).  

pH variation                                                                                                      EC variation

Total Alkalinity variation                                                                             Total Hardness variation

                  Bicarbonate variation                                                                                     TDS variation

Fluoride variation                                                         Calcium variation

Figure:-2. Variation in physico-chemical parameters of groundwater in eastern part of Lachhmangarh Tehsil (pre and post monsoon). 

Fluoride has positive correlation with pH, total alkalinity, bicarbonate and negative correlation with total hardness, calcium hardness, magnesium hardness, calcium, magnesium. Due to low fluoride solubility hardness showed negative correlation with fluoride content. If calcium is present in higher concentration it is most effective in reducing the fluoride concentration. A strong negative correlation between calcium and fluoride in the groundwater that contain calcium in excess of that required for the solubility of fluoride minerals.  Electrical conductivity has positive correlation with total alkalinity, total dissolves solids, fluoride and bicarbonate. High positive correlation of electrical conductivity with total dissolved solids indicates the high mobility of ions. High positive correlation of total hardness with calcium ion and magnesium ion exhibits that hardness is mainly due to presence of calcium and magnesium salts in water. Nitrate has positive correlation with sulphate. It is may be use of fertilizer for enhance crop production. Total dissolved solids have positive correlation with all parameters. Total alkalinity has positive correlation with bicarbonate, fluoride and sodium and negative correlation with total hardness, calcium hardness and magnesium hardness.

Table-1:-Physical Parameters of Ground Water of Lachhmangarh Tehsil - Eastern Part (Pre Monsoon)

S. No.	Village	Sample Site	Source	Code	Temp	pH	EC	TA	TH	Ca H	Mg H	TDS	DO
1	Manasi	Main Chauk	OW	LME1	26.5	8.3	1327	440	150	105	45	879	6.4
2	Chhinchhas	Bus Stand	HP	LME2	25.5	8.2	1156	452	114	77	37	774	6.7
3	Khudi Chhoti	Main Chauk	TW	LME3	25.2	7.8	1662	614	105	68	33	1086	7.2
4	Jasrasar	Main Chauk	TW	LME4	25.8	8.1	1124	398	120	85	35	730	6.6
5	Dolas	Bus Stand	OW	LME5	25.0	8.4	1079	431	110	74	36	721	6.5
6	Dudawa	Main Chauk	HP	LME6	25.4	8.4	961	377	125	87.5	37.5	620	6.7
7	Sanwali	Bus Stand	OW	LME7	26.0	8.4	1184	389	140	98	42	786	6.5
8	Banai	Main Chauk	OW	LME8	27.0	8.5	893	350	190	124	66	594	6.0
9	Singodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME9	25.5	8.4	986	380	138	90	48	642	6.6
10	Kaswali	Bus Stand	OW	LME10	25.8	8.1	1018	358	152	98.8	53.2	698	6.4
11	Narodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME11	25.6	8.4	1041	410	124	86.8	37.2	710	6.6
12	Paldi	Bus Stand	TW	LME12	25.9	8.0	1054	386	140	96	44	685	6.4
13	Kantewa	Main Chauk	OW	LME13	26.0	8.4	1132	379	163	105	57	728	6.3
14	Dalmas	Main Chauk	TW	LME14	26.8	7.9	1596	556	110	77	33	1030	6.2
15	Bagdi	Bus Stand	OW	LME15	26.2	8.4	1348	470	135	90	45	872	6.5
16	KumasJatan	Bus Stand	OW	LME16	26.0	8.2	1256	446	174	114	60	810	6.7

HP:- Hand Pump,  OW:- Open Well,  TW:- Tube Well,  EC:- Electronic Conductance,  TA:-Total Alkalinity,   TH:- Total Hardness,  CaH:-    Calcium Hardness,  Mg H:-  Magnesium Hardness,  DO:- Dissolve Oxygen,

Table-2:-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Lachhmangarh Tehsil-Eastern Part (Pre Monsoon)

S. No.	Village	Sample Site	Source	Code	F^-	NO^-3	CO3^-2	HCO3^-	Cl^-	SO4^-2
1	Manasi	Main Chauk	OW	LME1	5.3	26.6	0.0	440	152.6	25.4
2	Chhinchhas	Bus Stand	HP	LME2	5.6	20.2	0.0	452	102.5	16.5
3	KhudiChhoti	Main Chauk	TW	LME3	7.2	17.9	0.0	614	176.2	13.6
4	Jasrasar	Main Chauk	TW	LME4	4.2	16.4	0.0	398	115.2	15.2
5	Dolas	Bus Stand	OW	LME5	5.5	19.3	0.0	431	96.8	14.0
6	Dudawa	Main Chauk	HP	LME6	5.3	17.2	0.0	377	87.6	16.8
7	Sanwali	Bus Stand	OW	LME7	4.9	15.4	0.0	389	165.4	17.2
8	Banai	Main Chauk	OW	LME8	3.5	16.1	6.2	340	80.2	16.4
9	Singodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME9	4.7	17.4	0.0	381	90.5	16.7
10	Kaswali	Bus Stand	OW	LME10	3.9	15.2	0.0	358	135.2	13.4
11	Narodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME11	4.5	20.0	0.0	410	82.6	14.5
12	Paldi	Bus Stand	TW	LME12	4.2	24.6	0.0	386	104.7	17.8
13	Kantewa	Main Chauk	OW	LME13	4.0	18.7	0.0	379	118.4	14.0
14	Dalmas	Main Chauk	TW	LME14	4.9	16.5	4.5	550	166.2	15.2
15	Bagdi	Bus Stand	OW	LME15	4.2	21.3	0.0	470	142.9	15.8
16	KumasJatan	Bus Stand	OW	LME16	3.8	19.2	0.0	446	128.5	14.5

Table-2:-Cont.........

S. No.	Village	Sample Site	Source	Code	Ca^+2	Mg^+2	Na^+	K^+	SAR	Na %	RSC
1	Manasi	Main Chauk	OW	LME1	42.0	10.94	218	2.4	7.74	75.59	387.06
2	Chhinchhas	Bus Stand	HP	LME2	30.8	8.99	210	2.0	8.55	79.67	412.31
3	KhudiChhoti	Main Chauk	TW	LME3	27.2	8.02	344	3.9	14.88	87.59	578.78
4	Jasrasar	Main Chauk	TW	LME4	33.6	8.75	185	2.0	7.34	76.72	355.65
5	Dolas	Bus Stand	OW	LME5	28.8	9.23	178	2.3	7.37	77.40	392.97
6	Dudawa	Main Chauk	HP	LME6	31.2	10.21	146	2.8	5.80	71.98	335.59
7	Sanwali	Bus Stand	OW	LME7	39.2	10.20	192	3.2	7.06	74.34	339.60
8	Banai	Main Chauk	OW	LME8	49.6	16.04	120	1.9	3.79	57.55	280.56
9	Singodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME9	36.0	9.72	145	3.1	4.57	61.89	335.28
10	Kaswali	Bus Stand	OW	LME10	39.2	12.64	179	2.4	6.35	71.76	306.16
11	Narodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME11	32.0	9.72	158	2.8	7.50	79.68	368.28
12	Paldi	Bus Stand	TW	LME12	36.0	12.15	157	2.5	5.77	70.47	337.85
13	Kantewa	Main Chauk	OW	LME13	41.6	13.61	169	3.3	5.81	69.14	323.79
14	Dalmas	Main Chauk	TW	LME14	28.8	9.23	277	3.2	11.48	84.07	516.47
15	Bagdi	Bus Stand	OW	LME15	34.0	10.94	214	3.6	8.16	77.55	425.06
16	KumasJatan	Bus Stand	OW	LME16	44.4	14.34	182	3.4	6.08	69.40	387.26

All parameters are expressed in mg/L except Temperature, pH and EC and Dissolve Oxygen, Temperature is expressed in (⁰C)  and EC in µmhos/cm and Dissolve Oxygen in ppm, Ca⁺² = Ca mg/L (as CaCO₃) and Mg⁺² = Mg mg/L (as CaCO₃).

Table-3:-Physical Parameters of Ground Water of Lachhmangarh Tehsil - Eastern Part (Post Monsoon)

S. No.	Village	Sample Site	Source	Code	Temp	pH	EC	TA	TH	Ca H	Mg H	TDS	DO
1	Manasi	Main Chauk	OW	LME1	18.5	7.3	1348	428	170	102	68	895	7.6
2	Chhinchhas	Bus Stand	HP	LME2	18.0	7.6	1140	435	160	96	64	763	7.9
3	Khudi Chhoti	Main Chauk	TW	LME3	17.4	6.8	1782	594	120	74	46	1172	8.5
4	Jasrasar	Main Chauk	TW	LME4	17.5	6.9	874	376	190	114	76	590	8.0
5	Dolas	Bus Stand	OW	LME5	18.2	7.7	1018	401	150	90	60	684	7.5
6	Dudawa	Main Chauk	HP	LME6	17.5	7.9	937	371	130	78	52	630	7.9
7	Sanwali	Bus Stand	OW	LME7	18.4	7.3	1156	364	140	85	55	768	7.6
8	Banai	Main Chauk	OW	LME8	19.8	8.2	830	340	250	150	100	557	7.2
9	Singodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME9	17.6	7.5	968	377	180	108	72	648	8.0
10	Kaswali	Bus Stand	OW	LME10	17.8	7.2	1045	346	220	132	88	694	7.9
11	Narodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME11	17.5	7.9	994	396	160	96	64	669	7.8
12	Paldi	Bus Stand	TW	LME12	18.2	7.4	1090	360	190	115	75	730	7.6
13	Kantewa	Main Chauk	OW	LME13	18.5	6.9	1078	371	140	85	55	722	7.4
14	Dalmas	Main Chauk	TW	LME14	19.5	7.5	1586	543	135	80	55	1042	7.3
15	Bagdi	Bus Stand	OW	LME15	19.0	7.2	1322	457	180	110	70	880	7.5
16	KumasJatan	Bus Stand	OW	LME16	18.6	7.5	1268	438	210	125	85	845	7.8

Table-4:-Chemical Parameters of Ground Water of Lachhmangarh Tehsil -Eastern Part (Post Monsoon)

S. No.	Village	Sample Site	Source	Code	F^-	NO^-3	CO3^-2	HCO3^-	Cl^-	SO4^-2	Ca^+2
1	Manasi	Main Chauk	OW	LME1	4.9	40.2	10.2	418	121.6	33.4	40.8
2	Chhinchhas	Bus Stand	HP	LME2	5.2	28.4	8.5	426	82.5	23.7	38.4
3	Khudi Chhoti	Main Chauk	TW	LME3	6.3	26.2	0.0	594	124.6	18.2	29.6
4	Jasrasar	Main Chauk	TW	LME4	3.7	24.5	14.6	361	76.2	23.5	45.6
5	Dolas	Bus Stand	OW	LME5	4.6	30.7	5.7	395	62.4	20.4	36.0
6	Dudawa	Main Chauk	HP	LME6	5.2	26.8	2.2	368	56.2	18.3	31.2
7	Sanwali	Bus Stand	OW	LME7	4.5	23.4	6.5	357	122.6	14.7	34.0
8	Banai	Main Chauk	OW	LME8	2.9	26.9	0.0	340	56.0	21.6	60.0
9	Singodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME9	4.3	31.6	5.8	371	56.3	21.4	43.2
10	Kaswali	Bus Stand	OW	LME10	3.1	24.7	8.3	347	112.7	23.8	52.8
11	Narodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME11	3.8	30.6	0.0	396	67.2	18.5	38.4
12	Paldi	Bus Stand	TW	LME12	3.3	39.8	7.5	352	78.6	23.7	46.0
13	Kantewa	Main Chauk	OW	LME13	3.9	29.4	12.4	358	72.3	16.2	34.0
14	Dalmas	Main Chauk	TW	LME14	4.2	26.9	6.8	534	122.8	22.4	32.0
15	Bagdi	Bus Stand	OW	LME15	3.7	27.6	9.3	448	114.2	20.1	44.0
16	Kumas Jatan	Bus Stand	OW	LME16	3.4	32.9	7.2	431	86.4	18.6	50.0

Table-4:Cont....

S. No.	Village	Sample Site	Source	Code	Mg^+2	Na^+	K^+	SAR	Na %	RSC
1	Manasi	Main Chauk	OW	LME1	16.52	209	2.8	6.71	72.37	370.88
2	Chhinchhas	Bus Stand	HP	LME2	15.55	168	2.6	5.77	69.09	380.55
3	Khudi Chhoti	Main Chauk	TW	LME3	11.18	260	4.1	10.32	82.12	553.22
4	Jasrasar	Main Chauk	TW	LME4	18.24	132	2.6	4.18	59.87	311.76
5	Dolas	Bus Stand	OW	LME5	14.58	146	2.7	5.18	67.41	350.12
6	Dudawa	Main Chauk	HP	LME6	12.64	138	3.2	5.26	69.12	326.36
7	Sanwali	Bus Stand	OW	LME7	13.37	167	3.5	6.14	71.53	316.13
8	Banai	Main Chauk	OW	LME8	24.30	104	4.3	2.86	46.94	255.70
9	Singodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME9	17.50	125	3.4	4.05	59.54	316.10
10	Kaswali	Bus Stand	OW	LME10	21.38	127	2.9	3.72	55.23	281.12
11	Narodra	Main Chauk	HP	LME11	15.55	143	3.1	4.92	65.47	342.05
12	Paldi	Bus Stand	TW	LME12	18.23	122	3.4	3.84	57.67	295.27
13	Kantewa	Main Chauk	OW	LME13	13.36	135	3.9	4.96	66.93	323.04
14	Dalmas	Main Chauk	TW	LME14	13.37	239	3.7	8.94	78.80	495.43
15	Bagdi	Bus Stand	OW	LME15	17.01	178	3.1	5.77	66.04	396.29
16	Kumas Jatan	Bus Stand	OW	LME16	20.65	151	3.8	4.53	60.46	367.45

Table-5:-Correlation-Coefficient (r) of Various Groundwater Quality Parameters of Lachhmangarh Tehsil- Eastern Part (Pre Monsoon)

Parameters	pH	EC	T A	TH	Ca H	MgH	TDS
pH	1
EC	0.2513	1
T A	0.2500	0.9374	1
TH	-0.2821	-0.4173	-0.5635	1
Ca H	-0.3226	-0.4341	-0.6019	0.9824	1
MgH	-0.2669	-0.4153	-0.5239	0.9708	0.9110	1
TDS	0.2487	0.9949	0.9385	0.4342	0.4504	0.4320	1
F^-	0.5407	0.5416	0.6806	-0.7269	-0.7424	-0.7034	0.5649
NO^-3	0.0854	0.1286	0.0982	0.0015	0.0586	-0.0641	0.1294
HCO3^-	0.2756	0.9378	0.9992	-0.5775	-0.6159	-0.5372	0.9391
SO4^-2	-0.0505	0.0007	-0.1189	0.1620	0.2799	0.0094	0.0093
Ca^+2	-0.3116	-0.3955	-0.5696	0.9755	0.9819	0.9198	0.4052
Mg^+2	-0.3698	-0.4060	-0.5133	0.9520	0.9203	0.9489	0.4255
Na	0.2880	0.9504	0.9420	-0.5476	-0.5817	-0.5220	0.9626

Table-5:-Cont..

Parameters	F^-	NO^-3	HCO3^-	SO4^-2	Ca^+2	Mg^+2	Na
pH
EC
T A
TH
Ca H
MgH
TDS
F^-	1
NO^-3	0.1045	1
HCO3^-	0.6920	0.1100	1
SO4^-2	0.0836	0.6519	-0.1180	1
Ca^+2	-0.6865	0.0259	-0.5834	0.2852	1
Mg^+2	-0.7418	0.0037	-0.5307	0.0152	0.8892	1
Na	0.7025	0.0365	0.9447	-0.0714	-0.5191	-0.5309	1

Table-6:-Correlation-Coefficient (r) of Various Groundwater Quality Parameters of Lachhmangarh Tehsil- Eastern Part (Post Monsoon)

Parameters	pH	EC	T A	TH	Ca H	MgH	TDS
pH	1
EC	0.4340	1
T A	0.5244	0.9180	1
TH	-0.5944	-0.4711	-0.4810	1
Ca H	-0.5983	-0.4649	-0.4791	0.9992	1
MgH	-0.5871	-0.4790	-0.4823	0.9983	0.9953	1
TDS	0.4380	0.9998	0.9188	0.4748	0.4683	0.4828	1
F^-	0.6366	0.3929	0.4500	-0.7986	-0.8009	-0.7931	0.3968
NO^-3	0.0707	0.0486	-0.0716	0.1224	0.1194	0.1265	0.0565
HCO3^-	0.5649	0.9190	0.9979	-0.4863	-0.4844	-0.4877	0.9196
SO4^-2	-0.1929	0.0464	0.0043	0.3181	0.3100	0.3291	0.0462
Ca^+2	-0.5983	-0.4648	-0.4791	0.9992	1	0.9953	0.4683
Mg^+2	-0.5825	-0.4755	-0.4811	0.9982	0.9952	0.9999	0.4794
Na	0.4718	0.9423	0.9199	-0.5969	-0.5947	-0.5983	0.9420

Table-6:-Cont...

Parameters	F^-	NO^-3	HCO3^-	SO4^-2	Ca^+2	Mg^+2	Na
pH
EC
T A
TH
Ca H
MgH
TDS
F^-	1
NO^-3	0.0259	1
HCO3^-	0.4556	-0.0787	1
SO4^-2	0.0195	0.5485	-0.0101	1
Ca^+2	-0.8009	0.1194	-0.4844	0.3100	1
Mg^+2	-0.7926	0.1309	-0.4861	0.3274	0.9952	1
Na	0.5782	-0.0385	0.9180	0.1220	-0.5947	-0.5970	1

CONCLUSIONS:

The presents study has undertaken to analyze the fluoride content and physico-chemical parameters of groundwater in eastern part of Lachhmangarh Tehsil, District Sikar. Most of the general physico-chemical parameters of studied groundwater samples were within the maximum permissible limits recommended upper limit by WHO and Bureau of Indian Standard except of fluoride. The average of fluoride in groundwater n is 4.73 mg/L in pre monsoon and 4.19 mg/L in post monsoon season. Fluoride concentration is not uniformly distributed in groundwater in the study area. After evaluating the data of study it is concluded that the groundwater of eastern part of Lachhmangarh Tehsil is degraded and deteriorated as is polluted with high amount of fluoride and can result in dental and skeleton fluorosis. Calcium ingestion is known to reduce intestinal absorption of fluoride so diets rich in calcium and vitamin-C are recommended to prevent fluorosis. The currently available techniques for defluoidation of water like Nalgonda technique, reverse- osmosis and nanofiltration should be effectively applied in fluorosis and there is an urgent need for defluoridation of water before use for drinking.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:

The authors are very thankful to Mr. M.L. Rathi Ex.En. in Public Health Engineering Department (P.H.ED) Sikar (Raj.), Dr. N. Bhojak, Associate Professor in chemistry, Green Chemistry Research Laboratory, Govt. Dungar P.G. College, Bikaner (Raj.) and H.O.D. P.G. Department of chemistry, Govt. S.K. Colleege, Sikar for providing guidance, laboratory facilities for research work and valuable motivational support.

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Received on 24.11.2017       Modified on 22.12.2017

Accepted on 04.01.2018      ©A&V Publications All right reserved

Research J. Science and Tech. 2018; 10(1): 58-67

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2018.00008.6